1945流感(流行性感冒)

流感(流行性感冒)史:疫情暴发和疫苗研制时间线

了解流感疫情、流感(流行性感冒)疫苗及其影响。

戴着口罩的护士帮助患者躺在医院的病床上

护士为流感患者提供帮助

在 1918 年和 1919 年流感大流行期间,一名护士在 Walter Reed 医院的流感病房为患者提供帮助。

1918

发生了一场流感(流行性感冒)大流行。流感大流行由新的 H1N1 流感病毒株引起。在纽约,流感患者必须在家隔离。在芝加哥,电影院和剧院关闭,不允许公众集会。在旧金山,公共部门工作人员必须戴口罩,其他民众也被鼓励戴口罩。美国公共卫生协会建议人们避免乘坐公共交通工具。在明尼苏达州东南部妙佑医疗国际院区附近,剧院、教堂、聚会场所和一些学校等许多公共场所都被关闭。

流感大流行从 1918 年持续到 1920 年。从 1918 年春天至 1919 年春天,流感在美国导致超过 55 万人死亡,全球死亡人数超过 2000 万。

1918 年秋天,患有流感和其他传染性疾病的患者在妙佑医疗国际的隔离院区接受护理。隔离这些患者并保持高标准的清洁可能预防感染并挽救生命。40 张床位的隔离医院很快就住满了。医院缺少医务人员,每个工作人员都必须在需要时提供帮助。例如,护士有时在厨房和洗衣房帮忙。

妙佑医疗国际的 Edward C. Rosenow 医生发明了一种由混合疫苗组成的流感血清,其中含有引起感染性肺炎的细菌。Rosenow 医生免费向罗切斯特居民提供血清。虽然 Rosenow 医生没有声明该血清可以预防流感,但他指出该血清不会造成伤害,并且可能有助于提供一些保护。妙佑医疗国际收到了许多对该血清的请求,并向明尼苏达州及中西部地区的民众发送。归根到底,血清不能作为疫苗来预防流感。但它可能帮助提供了保护,让人们在患流感后免受肺炎的侵害。

1918 年和 1919 年流感大流行期间,戴口罩的军人在医院排成一排

戴口罩的军人

1918 年和 1919 年流感大流行期间,戴口罩的军人在一家美国陆军医院中列队。

1930 年代和 1940 年代

研究人员研究流感病毒并开发流感疫苗。刚开始时,能够接种流感疫苗主要是军人。

1945

第一批流感疫苗被批准用于非美军人员。

1957-1958

一种新的 H2N2 流感病毒株引发了另一场流感大流行。美国约有 116,000 人死亡,全球约 110 万人死亡。

1960

为了应对 1957 年至 1958 年发生的流感大流行,美国公共卫生服务部门建议美国境内出现流感并发症风险较高的人群接种流感疫苗

1968

一种新的 H3N2 流感病毒株引发了另一场流感大流行。这场流感大流行在美国造成约 100,000 人死亡,在全球造成约 100 万人死亡。研究人员开发了针对引起大流行的特定流感病毒株的流感疫苗。

1970 年代

H1N1 流感病毒株在 Fort Dix 引发流感暴发,由此制定了旨在预防流感大流行的流感疫苗接种项目。

1997

由 H5N1 流感病毒引起的禽流感鸟禽类流行性感冒)感染人类。为此,在美国和世界各地制定了流感大流行应对计划。

2002

ACIP 建议 6 至 23 个月大的儿童每年接种一次流感疫苗。

2007

美国食品药品管理局批准了一种针对由 H5N1 流感病毒株引起的甲型禽流感的流感疫苗。

2008

ACIP 建议 6 个月至 18 岁的人群每年接种一次流感疫苗。

2009

一种新的 H1N1 流感病毒株引发了一场流感大流行。2009 年期间,流感导致约 6100 万人患病、274,0000 人住院治疗和 12,400 人死亡。2009 年晚些时候,H1N1 流感疫苗上市。

在 H1N1 流感大流行期间,妙佑医疗国际对工作人员进行了感染控制和预防方面的培训。灾难准备团队会定期开会,与相关临床科室讨论流感计划。妙佑医疗国际提供有关 H1N1 预防措施的建议,并进行有关 H1N1 如何传播给员工和社区的教育。

2010

ACIP 建议所有 6 个月及以上的人群每年接种一次流感疫苗。妙佑医疗国际疫苗研究小组组长医学博士 Gregory Poland 介绍并提出了这一建议。Poland 医生还提出了医疗护理专业人员必须接种 2016 年流感疫苗的建议。

2019-2020

流感疫苗预防了大约 700 万次发病、300 万人次就诊、100,000 万次住院和 7000 例死亡。

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